|
Drug Name/
Medication class
|
Indication
List diagnosis and targeted symptoms
|
Associated Neurotransmitters
|
Half-life (T1/2)
Metabolism (CYP 450 enzyme)
|
Notable side effects
|
|
Gabapentin
|
Generalised anxiety disorder, neuropathic pain; targets anxiety, restlessness, sleep disturbance
|
GABA (indirect modulation), Glutamate
|
Half-life: 5–7 hours CYP: Not significantly metabolised; excreted unchanged in urine
|
Dizziness, fatigue, ataxia, peripheral oedema
|
|
Pregabalin
|
Generalised anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain; targets anxiety, pain, sleep disturbances
|
Glutamate (modulation via calcium channels), GABA (indirect)
|
Half-life: 6.3 hours CYP: Minimal metabolism; primarily renal excretion
|
Dizziness, somnolence, weight gain, dry mouth
|
|
Buspirone
|
Generalised anxiety disorder; targets worry, tension, irritability
|
Serotonin (5-HT1A partial agonist), Dopamine (D2)
|
Half-life: 2–3 hours CYP: CYP3A4
|
Dizziness, nausea, headache, restlessness
|
|
Hydroxyzine
|
Anxiety, pruritus, sedation; targets acute anxiety, agitation, insomnia
|
Histamine (H1 antagonist), Serotonin (5-HT2A antagonist)
|
Half-life: 20–25 hours CYP: CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (minor)
|
Sedation, dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision
|
|
Alprazolam
|
Panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder; targets acute anxiety, panic.
|
GABA (A receptor agonist)
|
Half-life: 11–16 hours CYP: CYP3A4
|
Drowsiness, fatigue, memory impairment, dependency
|
|
Lorazepam
|
Anxiety disorders, insomnia, status epilepticus; targets acute anxiety, agitation
|
GABA (A receptor agonist)
|
Half-life: 10–20 hours CYP: Glucuronidation (not via CYP450)
|
Sedation, dizziness, weakness, dependence
|
|
Clonazepam
|
Panic disorder, seizures; targets acute anxiety, panic, and muscle tension
|
GABA (A receptor agonist)
|
Half-life: 18–50 hours CYP: CYP3A4
|
Drowsiness, coordination problems, dependence
|
|
Diazepam
|
Anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures; targets tension, restlessness, insomnia
|
GABA (A receptor agonist)
|
Half-life: 20–50 hours (active metabolite: 30–100 hrs) CYP: CYP2C19, CYP3A4
|
Sedation, fatigue, ataxia, dependency
|
|
Propranolol
|
Performance anxiety, hypertension, tremors; targets somatic anxiety (e.g., palpitations)
|
Norepinephrine (beta-adrenergic blockade)
|
Half-life: 3 6 hours CYP: CYP2D6
|
Bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension, dizziness
|